Potential and Instantiation

pyAgrum.Potential is a multi-dimensional array with a pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable associated to each dimension. It is used to represent probabilities and utilities tables in aGrUMs’ multidimensional (graphical) models with some conventions.

  • The data are stored by iterating over each variable in the sequence.

>>> a=gum.RangeVariable("A","variable A",1,3)
>>> b=gum.RangeVariable("B","variable B",1,2)
>>> p=gum.Potential().add(a).add(b).fillWith([1,2,3,4,5,6]);
>>> print(p)
<A:1|B:1> :: 1 /<A:2|B:1> :: 2 /<A:3|B:1> :: 3 /<A:1|B:2> :: 4 /<A:2|B:2> :: 5 /<A:3|B:2> :: 6
>>> print(p.normalizeAsCPT())
<A:1|B:1> :: 0.166667 /<A:2|B:1> :: 0.333333 /<A:3|B:1> :: 0.5 /<A:1|B:2> :: 0.266667 /<A:2|B:2> :: 0.333333 /<A:3|B:2> :: 0.4
  • For addressing and looping in a pyAgrum.Potential structure, pyAgrum provides Instantiation class which represents a multi-dimensionnal index.

>>> I=gum.Instantiation(p)
>>> print(I)
<A:1|B:1>
>>> I.inc();print(I)
<A:2|B:1>
>>> I.inc();print(I)
<A:3|B:1>
>>> I.inc();print(I)
<A:1|B:2>
>>> I.setFirst();print(f"{I} -> {p.get(I)}")
<A:1|B:1> -> 0.16666666666666666
>>> I["B"]="2";print(f"{I} -> {p.get(I)}")
<A:1|B:2> -> 0.26666666666666666
>>> c=gum.RangeVariable("C","variable C",1,5)
>>> q=gum.Potential().add(a).add(c).fillWith(1)
>>> print(p+q)
<A:1|C:1|B:1> :: 2 /<A:2|C:1|B:1> :: 3 /<A:3|C:1|B:1> :: 4 /<A:1|C:2|B:1> :: 2 /<A:2|C:2|B:1> :: 3 /<A:3|C:2|B:1> :: 4 /<A:1|C:3|B:1> :: 2 /<A:2|C:3|B:1> :: 3 /<A:3|C:3|B:1> :: 4 /<A:1|C:4|B:1> :: 2 /<A:2|C:4|B:1> :: 3 /<A:3|C:4|B:1> :: 4 /<A:1|C:5|B:1> :: 2 /<A:2|C:5|B:1> :: 3 /<A:3|C:5|B:1> :: 4 /<A:1|C:1|B:2> :: 5 /<A:2|C:1|B:2> :: 6 /<A:3|C:1|B:2> :: 7 /<A:1|C:2|B:2> :: 5 /<A:2|C:2|B:2> :: 6 /<A:3|C:2|B:2> :: 7 /<A:1|C:3|B:2> :: 5 /<A:2|C:3|B:2> :: 6 /<A:3|C:3|B:2> :: 7 /<A:1|C:4|B:2> :: 5 /<A:2|C:4|B:2> :: 6 /<A:3|C:4|B:2> :: 7 /<A:1|C:5|B:2> :: 5 /<A:2|C:5|B:2> :: 6 /<A:3|C:5|B:2> :: 7
>>> print((p*q).margSumOut(["B","C"])) # marginalize p*q over B and C(using sum)
<A:1> :: 25 /<A:2> :: 35 /<A:3> :: 45

Instantiation

class pyAgrum.Instantiation(*args)

Class for assigning/browsing values to tuples of discrete variables.

Instantiation is designed to assign values to tuples of variables and to efficiently loop over values of subsets of variables.

Instantiation() -> Instantiation

default constructor

Instantiation(aI) -> Instantiation
Parameters:
  • aI (pyAgrum.Instantiation) – the Instantiation we copy

Returns

  • pyAgrum.Instantiation – An empty tuple or a copy of the one in parameters

  • Instantiation is subscriptable therefore values can be easily accessed/modified.

Examples

>>> ## Access the value of A in an instantiation aI
>>> valueOfA = aI['A']
>>> ## Modify the value
>>> aI['A'] = newValueOfA
add(v)

Adds a new variable in the Instantiation.

Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The new variable added to the Instantiation

Raises

DuplicateElement – If the variable is already in this Instantiation

Return type

None

addVarsFromModel(model, names)

From a graphical model, add all the variable whose names are in the iterable

Parameters
  • model (pyAgrum.GraphicalModel) –

  • network (Markov) –

  • network

  • Diagram (Influence) –

  • etc.

  • names (iterable of strings) –

  • string) (a list/set/etc of names of variables (as) –

Returns

  • pyAgrum.Instantiation

  • the current instantiation (self) in order to chain methods.

chgVal(*args)

Assign newval to v (or to the variable at position varPos) in the Instantiation.

Parameters
  • v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable or string) – The variable whose value is assigned (or its name)

  • varPos (int) – The index of the variable whose value is assigned in the tuple of variables of the Instantiation

  • newval (int or string) – The index of the value assigned (or its name)

Returns

The modified instantiation

Return type

pyAgrum.Instantiation

Raises
  • NotFound – If variable v does not belong to the instantiation.

  • OutOfBounds – If newval is not a possible value for the variable.

clear()

Erase all variables from an Instantiation.

Return type

None

contains(*args)

Indicates whether a given variable belongs to the Instantiation.

Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The variable for which the test is made.

Returns

True if the variable is in the Instantiation.

Return type

bool

dec()

Operator –.

Return type

None

decIn(i)

Operator – for the variables in i.

Parameters

i (pyAgrum.Instantiation) – The set of variables to decrement in this Instantiation

Return type

None

decNotVar(v)

Operator – for vars which are not v.

Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The variable not to decrement in this Instantiation.

Return type

None

decOut(i)

Operator – for the variables not in i.

Parameters

i (pyAgrum.Instantiation) – The set of variables to not decrement in this Instantiation.

Return type

None

decVar(v)

Operator – for variable v only.

Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The variable to decrement in this Instantiation.

Raises

NotFound – If variable v does not belong to the Instantiation.

Return type

None

domainSize()
Returns

The product of the variable’s domain size in the Instantiation.

Return type

int

empty()
Returns

True if the instantiation is empty.

Return type

bool

end()
Returns

True if the Instantiation reached the end.

Return type

bool

erase(*args)
Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The variable to be removed from this Instantiation.

Raises

NotFound – If v does not belong to this Instantiation.

Return type

None

fromdict(dict)

Change the values in an instantiation from a dictionary {variable_name:value} where value can be a position (int) or a label (string).

If a variable_name does not occur in the instantiation, nothing is done.

Warning

OutOfBounds raised if a value cannot be found.

Parameters

dict (object) –

Return type

None

hamming()
Returns

the hamming distance of this instantiation.

Return type

int

inOverflow()
Returns

True if the current value of the tuple is correct

Return type

bool

inc()

Operator ++.

Return type

None

incIn(i)

Operator ++ for the variables in i.

Parameters

i (pyAgrum.Instantiation) – The set of variables to increment in this Instantiation.

Return type

None

incNotVar(v)

Operator ++ for vars which are not v.

Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The variable not to increment in this Instantiation.

Return type

None

incOut(i)

Operator ++ for the variables not in i.

Parameters

i (Instantiation) – The set of variable to not increment in this Instantiation.

Return type

None

incVar(v)

Operator ++ for variable v only.

Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The variable to increment in this Instantiation.

Raises

NotFound – If variable v does not belong to the Instantiation.

Return type

None

isMutable()
Return type

bool

nbrDim()
Returns

The number of variables in the Instantiation.

Return type

int

pos(v)
Returns

the position of the variable v.

Return type

int

Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – the variable for which its position is return.

Raises

NotFound – If v does not belong to the instantiation.

rend()
Returns

True if the Instantiation reached the rend.

Return type

bool

reorder(*args)

Reorder vars of this instantiation giving the order in v (or i).

Parameters
  • i (pyAgrum.Instantiation) – The sequence of variables with which to reorder this Instantiation.

  • v (list) – The new order of variables for this Instantiation.

Return type

None

setFirst()

Assign the first values to the tuple of the Instantiation.

Return type

None

setFirstIn(i)

Assign the first values in the Instantiation for the variables in i.

Parameters

i (pyAgrum.Instantiation) – The variables to which their first value is assigned in this Instantiation.

Return type

None

setFirstNotVar(v)

Assign the first values to variables different of v.

Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The variable that will not be set to its first value in this Instantiation.

Return type

None

setFirstOut(i)

Assign the first values in the Instantiation for the variables not in i.

Parameters

i (pyAgrum.Instantiation) – The variable that will not be set to their first value in this Instantiation.

Return type

None

setFirstVar(v)

Assign the first value in the Instantiation for var v.

Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The variable that will be set to its first value in this Instantiation.

Return type

None

setLast()

Assign the last values in the Instantiation.

Return type

None

setLastIn(i)

Assign the last values in the Instantiation for the variables in i.

Parameters

i (pyAgrum.Instantiation) – The variables to which their last value is assigned in this Instantiation.

Return type

None

setLastNotVar(v)

Assign the last values to variables different of v.

Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The variable that will not be set to its last value in this Instantiation.

Return type

None

setLastOut(i)

Assign the last values in the Instantiation for the variables not in i.

Parameters

i (pyAgrum.Instantiation) – The variables that will not be set to their last value in this Instantiation.

Return type

None

setLastVar(v)

Assign the last value in the Instantiation for var v.

Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The variable that will be set to its last value in this Instantiation.

Return type

None

setMutable()
Return type

None

setVals(i)

Assign the values from i in the Instantiation.

Parameters

i (pyAgrum.Instantiation) – An Instantiation in which the new values are searched

Returns

a reference to the instantiation

Return type

pyAgrum.Instantiation

todict(withLabels=False)

Create a dictionary {variable_name:value} from an instantiation

Parameters

withLabels (boolean) – The value will be a label (string) if True. It will be a position (int) if False.

Returns

The dictionary

Return type

Dict[str,int]

unsetEnd()

Alias for unsetOverflow().

Return type

None

unsetOverflow()

Removes the flag overflow.

Return type

None

val(*args)
Parameters
  • i (int) – The index of the variable.

  • var (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The variable the value of which we wish to know

Returns

the current value of the variable.

Return type

int

Raises

NotFound – If the element cannot be found.

variable(*args)
Parameters

i (int) – The index of the variable

Returns

the variable at position i in the tuple.

Return type

pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable

Raises

NotFound – If the element cannot be found.

variablesSequence()
Returns

a list containing the sequence of variables

Return type

list

Potential

class pyAgrum.Potential(*args)

Class representing a potential.

Potential() -> Potential

default constructor

Potential(src) -> Potential
Parameters:
  • src (pyAgrum.Potential) – the Potential to copy

KL(p)

Check the compatibility and compute the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the potential and.

Parameters

p (pyAgrum.Potential) – the potential from which we want to calculate the divergence.

Returns

The value of the divergence

Return type

float

Raises
abs()

Apply abs on every element of the container

Returns

a reference to the modified potential.

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

add(v)

Add a discrete variable to the potential.

Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – the var to be added

Raises
Returns

a reference to the modified potential.

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

argmax()
Return type

List[Dict[str, int]]

argmin()
Return type

List[Dict[str, int]]

contains(v)
Parameters

v (pyAgrum.Potential) – a DiscreteVariable.

Returns

True if the var is in the potential

Return type

bool

domainSize()
Return type

int

draw()

draw a value using the potential as a probability table.

Returns

the index of the drawn value

Return type

int

empty()
Returns

Returns true if no variable is in the potential.

Return type

bool

entropy()
Returns

the entropy of the potential

Return type

float

extract(*args)

create a new Potential extracted from self given a partial instantiation.

Parameters
  • inst (pyAgrum.instantiation) – a partial instantiation

  • dict (Dict[str,str|int]) – a dictionnary containing values for some discrete variables.

Returns

the new Potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

fillWith(*args)

Automatically fills the potential with v.

Parameters

v (number or list or pyAgrum.Potential the number of parameters of the Potential) – a value or a list/pyAgrum.Potential containing the values to fill the Potential with.

Warning

if v is a list, the size of the list must be the if v is a pyAgrum.Potential. It must to contain variables with exactly the same names and labels but not necessarily the same variables.

Returns

a reference to the modified potentia

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

Raises

pyAgrum.SizeError – If v size’s does not matches the domain size.

fillWithFunction(s, noise=None)

Automatically fills the potential as a (quasi) deterministic CPT with the evaluation of the expression s.

The expression s gives a value for the first variable using the names of the last variables. The computed CPT is deterministic unless noise is used to add a ‘probabilistic’ noise around the exact value given by the expression.

Examples

>>> import pyAgrum as gum
>>> bn=gum.fastBN("A[3]->B[3]<-C[3]")
>>> bn.cpt("B").fillWithFunction("(A+C)/2")
Parameters
  • s (str) – an expression using the name of the last variables of the Potential and giving a value to the first variable of the Potential

  • noise (list) – an (odd) list of numerics giving a pattern of ‘probabilistic noise’ around the value.

Warning

The expression may have any numerical values, but will be then transformed to the closest correct value for the range of the variable.

Returns

a reference to the modified potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

Raises
  • pyAgrum.InvalidArgument

  • If the first variable is Labelized or Integer, or if the len of the noise is not odd.

findAll(v)
Parameters

v (float) –

Return type

List[Dict[str, int]]

get(i)
Parameters

i (pyAgrum.Instantiation) – an Instantiation

Returns

the value in the Potential at the position given by the instantiation

Return type

float

inverse()
Return type

Potential

isNonZeroMap()
Returns

a boolean-like potential using the predicate isNonZero

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

log2()

log2 all the values in the Potential

Warning

When the Potential contains 0 or negative values, no exception are raised but -inf or nan values are assigned.

Return type

Potential

loopIn()

Generator to iterate inside a Potential.

Yield an pyAgrum.Instantiation that iterates over all the possible values for the pyAgrum.Potential

Examples

>>> import pyAgrum as gum
>>> bn=gum.fastBN("A[3]->B[3]<-C[3]")
>>> for i in bn.cpt("B").loopIn():
      print(i)
      print(bn.cpt("B").get(i))
      bn.cpt("B").set(i,0.3)
margMaxIn(varnames)

Projection using max as operation.

Parameters

varnames (set) – the set of vars to keep

Returns

the projected Potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

margMaxOut(varnames)

Projection using max as operation.

Parameters

varnames (set) – the set of vars to eliminate

Returns

the projected Potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

Raises

pyAgrum.InvalidArgument – If varnames contains only one variable that does not exist in the Potential

margMinIn(varnames)

Projection using min as operation.

Parameters

varnames (set) – the set of vars to keep

Returns

the projected Potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

margMinOut(varnames)

Projection using min as operation.

Parameters

varnames (set) – the set of vars to eliminate

Returns

the projected Potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

Warning

InvalidArgument raised if varnames contains only one variable that does not exist in the Potential

margProdIn(varnames)

Projection using multiplication as operation.

Parameters

varnames (set) – the set of vars to keep

Returns

the projected Potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

margProdOut(varnames)

Projection using multiplication as operation.

Parameters

varnames (set) – the set of vars to eliminate

Returns

the projected Potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

Raises

pyAgrum.InvalidArgument – If varnames contains only one variable that does not exist in the Potential

margSumIn(varnames)

Projection using sum as operation.

Parameters

varnames (set) – the set of vars to keep

Returns

the projected Potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

margSumOut(varnames)

Projection using sum as operation.

Parameters

varnames (set) – the set of vars to eliminate

Returns

the projected Potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

Raises

pyAgrum.InvalidArgument – If varnames contains only one variable that does not exist in the Potential

max()
Returns

the maximum of all elements in the Potential

Return type

float

maxNonOne()
Returns

the maximum of non one elements in the Potential

Return type

float

Raises

pyAgrum.NotFound – If all value == 1.0

min()
Returns

the min of all elements in the Potential

Return type

float

minNonZero()
Returns

the min of non zero elements in the Potential

Return type

float

Raises

pyAgrum.NotFound – If all value == 0.0

nbrDim(*args)
Returns

the number of vars in the multidimensional container.

Return type

int

newFactory()

Erase the Potential content and create a new empty one.

Returns

a reference to the new Potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

new_abs()
Return type

Potential

new_log2()
Return type

Potential

new_sq()
Return type

Potential

noising(alpha)
Parameters

alpha (float) –

Return type

Potential

normalize()

Normalize the Potential (do nothing if sum is 0)

Returns

a reference to the normalized Potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

normalizeAsCPT(varId=0)

Normalize the Potential as a CPT

Returns

a reference to the normalized Potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

Raises

pyAgrum.FatalError – If some distribution sums to 0

Parameters

varId (int) –

pos(v)
Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The variable for which the index is returned.

Return type

Returns the index of a variable.

Raises

pyAgrum.NotFound – If v is not in this multidimensional matrix.

product()
Returns

the product of all elements in the Potential

Return type

float

putFirst(varname)
Parameters
Returns

a reference to the modified potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

Raises

pyAgrum.InvalidArgument – If the var is not in the potential

random()
Return type

Potential

randomCPT()
Return type

Potential

randomDistribution()
Return type

Potential

remove(var)
Parameters

v (pyAgrum.DiscreteVariable) – The variable to be removed

Returns

a reference to the modified potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

Warning

IndexError raised if the var is not in the potential

Parameters

var (DiscreteVariable) –

reorganize(*args)

Create a new Potential with another order.

Returns

varnames – a list of the var names in the new order

Return type

list

Returns

a reference to the modified potential

Return type

pyAgrum.Potential

scale(v)

Create a new potential multiplied by v.

Parameters

v (float) – a multiplier

Return type

a reference to the modified potential

set(i, value)

Change the value pointed by i

Parameters
  • i (pyAgrum.Instantiation) – The Instantiation to be changed

  • value (float) – The new value of the Instantiation

Return type

None

sq()

Square all the values in the Potential

Return type

Potential

sum()
Returns

the sum of all elements in the Potential

Return type

float

property thisown

The membership flag

toarray()
Returns

the potential as an array

Return type

array

toclipboard(**kwargs)

Write a text representation of object to the system clipboard. This can be pasted into spreadsheet, for instance.

tolatex()

Render object to a LaTeX tabular.

Requires to include booktabs package in the LaTeX document.

Returns

the potential as LaTeX string

Return type

str

tolist()
Returns

the potential as a list

Return type

list

topandas()
Returns

the potential as an pandas.DataFrame

Return type

pandas.DataFrame

translate(v)

Create a new potential added with v.

Parameters

v (float) – The value to be added

Return type

a reference to the modified potential

property var_dims
Returns

a list containing the dimensions of each variables in the potential

Return type

list

property var_names
Returns

a list containing the name of each variables in the potential

Return type

list

Warning

listed in the reverse order of the enumeration order of the variables.

variable(*args)
Parameters

i (int) – An index of this multidimensional matrix.

Return type

the varible at the ith index

Raises

pyAgrum.NotFound – If i does not reference a variable in this multidimensional matrix.

variablesSequence()
Returns

a list containing the sequence of variables

Return type

list